Coin-controlled mechanism.



3 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

Patented Nov.4, 1913.

comm HAM-Am O WAININGIWh B- G.

E. J. ORNOLD. 001K CONTROLLED HEOHANISH. nrmouwx runn JUL! 2. m2.

Patented Nov. 4, 1918.

8 SHEETS-BEBE! 8.

5 E s s E N T W ATTORNEY.

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E. J. ORNOLD. 00m CONTROLLED IBOHANISM. nrmonxon nun mu 3, ma.

. Patented Nov. 4, 1913.

3 SHEETS-BEBE! 8.

AT ORNEY.

WITNESSES.

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corneas.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that. .I EDWIN J. Oanom, a citizen of the United tates of America, and resident of Wheeling, county of Ohio and 5 State of Vest Vir ia, have invents .certain new and usefu Improvements in Coin- Controlled Mechanisms, of which the following is a. specification.

This invention relates broadly to coin pparatus, and specifically .to a coin .control ed device whereby .the actuating mechanism of mechanically .driven musical instrumentsand analogous structures is controlled.

The primary object of the invention is .to provide a coin actuated apparatus adapted for oontainin" a plurality of coins of a?- ing sizes and denominations whereby .t' e piano actuating mechanism is actuated to 20 cause the piano .to play one or a plurality of pieces or selections, or to play a single selection one or :a pluralit of times, according .to the size and'v ue of .the coin or coins deposited inthe apparatus.

A further object is .-to provide an .ap aratus of the character mentioned .adap for receiving .coinsof difierent sizes and values in an desired-omen or without regard to: which is 410-. touted by deposited :COUlS to actuate-"the piano actuating mechanism a number .or

prece ence or succession, :and

times corresponding with the value 'of'said coins.

and in part be'pointedout ereinafter.

The invention resides in vthe features of construction, arrangement of parts and combinations of elements which .will hereinafter be exemplified, reference .being bad to the accompanying drawin formingia part of this spccification,.-in av ieh Figure 1 is -a front elevation of the .invention, portions of '-.the face plate being 6 shown broken away and (the electric circuits being illustrated diagrammatically; Fig..2.is a rearielevatiomof t e same; Eig. 3 isza'longitudinal section on thec-line-H Fig. 2; .Fig. .4 isa transverse sectionon-theline 4-4,

arts .in' normal-posiltion and diagrammatically illustrating the electric circuits, Ei 5 de 'a similar-section. vanced tomo n dislodgshowing thenparmia (hand? are partialmec- Specification of Letters .Patent.

Application filed July 3, 1812. Serial No. 707,445.

. Other objects within the (contemplationof the-invention will .in art be apparent the chute .in :the or and coin-dis,

Patented Nov. 4, 1913.

lodging positions of .the nickel-ejector; Fig. 8 is a view somewhat similar to Fig. 4, showing the armature in engagement with the magnet and holding the ratchet locking pawl withdrawn; and Figs. 9, 10, l1 and 12 .are viewssimilar to Fig. .6, taken respectively on lines :9--9, 10l0, ll-1l and 12-42, Fig. 2.

Referring to said vdrawin s, in which like designating characters istinguish like .parts throughout the several views-1 and 2 indicate standards orsupports having bearin wherein a shaft 3 1S journaled in an in ed position. Mounted in front of said shaft, as upon lugs .or plates 4 and 5 carried by said sup, orts is a plate 6 composed -.of fiber, har rubber, or other suitable material non-conductive of electricity, and mounted against the face of said late is a str' or bar 7 of metal, as copper, iav- .ing hig conductivity. Said stri or :bar occupies .an inclined position an constitutes the bottom .of .a coin chute the upper or top wall of which is constituted by a metal conductor-strip 8, alsomounted against 'Sflld plate 6, having .a greater angle of in- -clination than said strip 7, said chute thus having a.downwar.dl tapered formation, as .is clearly shown in *ig. '1.

'Ilhe plate 6 is inclined rearwardly from its lbottomedge upward so that coins intro duced in the .chute .will lie in an inclined ,p osition closely hugging the said plate 6.

.hereceiving. end of said chute 1S pref- .erably inclosed, as .by a small face-plate '9 of nonconductive material, so as to facilitate the insertion of the coins in properly inclined position.

The under or bottom edge of the metal strip 8 is preferably rendered irregular by the provision of sto shoulders 8, 8?, 8, 8, and 8 1 ainst whici the u per edges of a dime, mc e1, quarter, halfollar and dollar are respectively adapted to seat, as shown in dotted lines in Fig. 1, when introduced in er named, said shoulders being so .disposed that the progress of no coin-other than that which it is designed to sto; ;will thereby be interrupted.

v ivotally; mounted, asupon lugs 10 fixed .toihemear ,face of the plate 6,.are the lower endsiof-a plurality-oi levers 11 which are -.normally .held by the force of gravity in edges of said .eomsfromseating position on? ",tz'm'myztn 'ing lug 21 but,

latter and of the s fices '14 for dislodgin is adapted, when the lever is raised from 1ts normal position, ,to beprojected through an orifice 14 providedtherefor in the plate 6, the various orifices bein located above the. level of the strip 7 and directly behind the positions occupied by the variouscoins when the latter are properly or sequentially positioned or seated.

Mounted on the shaft 3 adjacent to one of. its ends is a ratchet wheel 15 having inits outer face a central circular recess in which is mounted a coil band tension sprin 16 having its inner end attached to a fixed point (not shown) and its outer end at-. tachcd to said ratchet, said spring acting to return said ratchet and said shaft to normal position when released after advance movement thereof. A pawl 17 overlies said ratchet, being pivotally connected to the movable leaf 0 a pneumatic or bellows 18 which has its stationary leaf rigidl supported, as u on a suitably mounte supporting brac ret 19. A tube 20 leads from the tracker-board (not shown) of the piano playing mechanism to said bellows, so that, when a perforation rovided for the purpose'in the'music r01 at the end of each selection uncovers said tube, suction from the main chest will instantly colla sesaid bellows, as shown in Fi 5,'forrawing the 'awl 17, forward. Sai pawl is normally h'el out ofengag'ement with the ratchet 15 by any approprlate means, as by a support-j- 21" carried by a suitably located arm when advanced by the closin movement of the movableleaf of the ellows, said pawl drops into: engagement with a, tooth of said ratchet and rotates the latteri forward the distance of one tooth. When; the bellows is relieved of the suction whiohi effected its collapse, the movable leaf-there of is instantly retracted,-'as by a retractile coil spring 22 connectedat one 'end to said leaf and at its other and too, fixed point, as. to the arm 21. A second pawl 83 is pivotmounted at a suitable point, as on a lag 24 carried by the plate 6 on its rear face, and 'is normally held by a spring 25 in in-' terlocking engagement with a tooth ofsaid ratchet, preventm rearward rotation of the aft'3, which-rotation the spring 16 tends to effect? The shaft 3 has rigidly mounted thereon, as by means of pins or set-screws 26, a plurality of trig em or dogs herein desi nated 27, 27, 27", 2 and 27, which area apted to be carriedby said shaft at eertain'predeterminedpointsiin its movement into elevating relation to the levers 1-1 for thrusting the pins or. studs 13 thereof'through theori-l coins seated 'in the; chute--that is td'say, or thrustingjthelower' ally l lo

the strip]. a, .7

' When a eoinis iiitroduced in the eliute, it

- ductor; 29, the contact "the "When the nose of a dog, in the advance the latter is thereby elevated, thrustin the pin or stud 13 carried thereby through the 36, and disposed inthe travels downward along the inclined strip 7 i until it lodges. against, or

is arrested by, one

of the shoulders formed on the under side of the. strip, whereupon 1t closes an electric circuit WhlCh comprises a battery 28, constrip 7 to-which said conductor 29 is connected, the coin, contact strip8, conductor 30 leading from said strip 8, a motor 31 and conductor 32 returning to the battery. The electric circuit being closed through the coin, the motor 31 actuates the musical instrument in the usual well-known or sheet bearing the composition reaches its end, the perforation provided therein for the purpose, as hereinmanner. When the roll eforementioned, comes into register with a suitably located hole in the tracker-board of the instrument, exposing the end of the tube 20 to the action of the suction and permits the air to be exhasuted from the bollows 18, causing the latter to collapse and actuating the ratchet to rotate forward the distance of one tooth, as hereinbefore'described.

The dogs carried by the shaft 3 correspond in number witi the levers 11 and eachis so dis osed on said shaft and is so associated witi one of said levers that it will engage the rear face of and elevate the latter when the ratchet has been advanced a certain number of teeth, or a predetermined distance; thus, the dog 27 engages the nickel dislodging lever on the first ad- Vance movement of the ratchet and shaft, the dog-27 engages the dime dislodging lever on the second movement, the dog 27 quarte'rlever on the fifth movement, the dog-27 the half-dollar leveron the tenth movement, and the'dog 27 the dollar lever on the twentieth movement.

movement of the latter, engages a lever 11 adjacent orifice M'such a distance as will push he lower edge ofthe coin from its seat on the contact strip 7, as is clearly shown in Fig. 7. The coin so dislodged drops into an inclined runway 33 of which the plate-'6 constitutes one wall and a plate 34 an oppositely facing wall, said plate 34 having its loweredge connected to a forwardl directed'inclined flange 6 formed on said p ate 6, said flange constituting the bottom'of said runwa Carriedby a col ar 85 on-the shaft 3, or by a boss rovided'on the ratchet, isan arm ath of movement o f=said arm is one end 0 a lever 37 which 'i'sipivoted, asupon a post 38, at the-rear ofsaid plate- 6. The

mto or' across saidrunway 83, constituting 'a stop for arresting a coin the latter rolls occupies its normalposition, the arm 36 is seated upon the end of said lever opposite" that on. which the -pin 39 is carried an maintains said end inwardly pressed against the tension of'a -small'fcoil spring 41, thus holding the -pin 39' withdrawn, from the runway, as shown in Figs. 4 and 8.: 'But, a single advance movement of the shaft 3 suffices to remove said arm 36 from ressure exerting relation to the lever 37 an allows said lever, actuated by-the" spring 41, to project the pin 39 across the runway, as shown in Fig. 5. oted, as upon a post 43, and has one end underlying the spring-pressed endof the lever 37 so as to be also actuated on one side by the spring 41 and on the other by the arm 36 as is clearly shown in Figs. 4, 5 and S. lhe op osite end of said lever 42 is held elevated y the arm 36 when the shaft 3 occupies its normal position, and is adapted, when said shaft is advanced a single movement, to seat upon a contact plate 53 provided at a suitable point, as upon the rear face of the plate 6.

When a coin is arrested in the runway by the in 39, a' magnetic circuit is established tiirou h said coin said circuit comprising the attery 28, the conductor 32, a conductor 44 tapped in on said conductor 32 and leading to a contact plate 45 located in the bottom of the runwa adjacent to the position of said pin 39, sai contact plate 45, the coin, said pin 39, a conductor 46 leading from said pin to a suitably located electroma net 47, a conductor 48 leading from sai magnet and ta pad in on the conductor 29, and said can uctor 29 returning to the battery. The closing of said magnetic circuit energizes the magnet 47 which immediately attracts an armature 49 hinged at one end, as upon a suitable standard 50, and having its opposite end seated upon, or otherwise connected to, the pawl 23. Movement of said armature, actuated by the energized magnet, acts to withdraw said pawl 23 from interlocking en agement with the ratchet, permitting the utter, actuated 'by its spring 16, to. return to normal position. lhis action returns the arm '36 into ressurc exerting relation with the end of t e lever 37, withdrawin the pin 39 from the runway and releasing tie com. L K i if" For preventing the which would burn'or otherwise injure the coin at the moment it is dislod ed or shifted from its seat, a circuit paralle to the main circuit is provided which reduces the" current that )asses throughthe cointo nextent whic strip 7, -a

the

*endm contact-strip 8,"-said strip 8, conducd tor 30*,'- motor--31, and the conductor 32 repara'llel -"circuit is closed by an end'of 'the lever 42 on the contact plate A second lever 42 is pivrenders-it non-'injuriousgto" the com. Said parallel circuit comprisesthe battery 28, the conductor; 29, the contact conductor 51 leadin from said to the ,contact plate 53, t e lever 42, ost--43-which is mounted at its inner Strip turning -to=the battery. "As is obvious, said the seating of 53- at the instant that the dislodging mechanism acts to unseat the coin, and it is again "broken when said mechanism resumes normal position.

As will be apparent from the foregoing, when a-plurality of coins are deposited in the chute in order according to size, they will all occupy their respective positions, as indicated in dotted lines in Fig. 1. The main electric circuit being closed by the coins, the musical instrument will be operated to the end of the first selection, whereupon the nickel (lislod ing lever will be elevated and the nickel us ed from its seat and caused to drop into the inclined runway. Rolling down said runway, the nickel is arrested by the pin 39 which was thrust across its path at the instant that the dislodging lever was elevated, the advance movement of the shaft 3 having simultaneously effected the elevation of said lever and moved the arm 36 from pressure exerting relation to the spring-pressed end of the lever 37. When said coin is arrested, it closes the magnetic circuit, and this effects the release of the advanced ratchet, allowin the latter and the shaft/3 to be returnef to normal position, retractin the pin 39 and releasing the nickel. In li e manner the dime is dislod ed after it has twice actuated the musical instrument and so on until all the coins in the chute have been disposed of, each coin actuatim the instrument to play the number of selections of which its value is a multiple of five, and each coin, before it is released from the runway, actuating thc coin-dislodging mechanism to return to initial or normal position.

i It will be noted that coins may be deposited in any, or haphazard, order. Thus, assuming, for instance, that a quarter, nickel, dimer-and nickel are introduced in the slot in the order named, the uarter will stop when it engages the shou der 8, and the othercoins will stop therebehind in their orderof introduction, each being seated n $ainst thefl'next coin in advance thereof. fOlHltltlOIlOf an arc henthe quarter isdislodged at the end of .the fifthnselection, the remainin coins will advance until the foremost nic cl engages 'zthe shoulder 8". At the end of the next'selectio'n, said nickel will be dislodged maths dime and second nickel will advance to their respeetive proper positions. At the endwf'themext selection, said second nickel second. succee nominations,

will be dislodgfid. Then, at ;the end oi-the. 'a'g selection the dime will be dislodged.

Guardsv .52 are preferably ,the, face of thecqntact stri coins to said strip as 7 t chute. Said guardsiareaso arranged how ever, as to be intermediate the position 00- p r y:

cupied by the various coins when seated, and are so shaped as not to interfere with designed dislodgment of said coins...

Having thus described my invention, what;

I claim as new, and desire to secure by vLetters Patent, is+- 1. The combination of a coin chute adapted to accommodate therein a plurality of come at a time, a plurality ofcoin seats formed in said chute, said seats varyin in esize to accommodate coins of different oenominations, a motor circuit closed by a coin occupying-seated position in said chute, a ratchet wheel, means for intermittently rotating said wheel, and means actuated by rotation of said wheel for successively dislodging coins in a sequence determined by their positions in the chute.

2. The combination of a coin chute adapted to accommodate therein aplurality of coins at a time, a plurality of coin seats formed in said chute, said seats varying in size to accommodatecoins of different de- .a motor circuit closed by a coin occupying seated position in said chute, a ratchet wheel, means for intermittently rotating-said wheel, means actuated by rotation of said wheel for successively dislodging coins in av sequence determined by their positions in the chute, and means for returning sairl wheel to normal position.

The combination of a coin chute adapted to accommodate therein a plurality of coins at a time, a plurality of coin seats formed in said chute, said seats varying in size to accommodate coins of different denominations, a motor circuit .closedby a 00in occupying seated position in said chute, a ratchet wheel. means for intermittently r0- tating said wheel, means actuated by rotation of said wheel for successively dislodging coins in a sequence determined by their positions in the chute, and mean controlled;

means .-for intermittently: rotatin'gy-said.

wheel, means actuated by rotationiiofflsaid wheel for successively dislodgin coins in a sequence determined byttherpositions which they. o'ccupyni a magnetic, circuitwelosed by;

each coin after dislodgmnt; 'means under the control of 'said magneticcircuit for re- 7 forieonfimng gthe" ey travel. down .-.thel

leasing the advanced wheel, and means for returning said wheel and the coin dislodgingmeans tonormal position. ,5. The combination ofa coin chute having a plurality of coin seats therein and adapted to accommodate a plurality of coins at a time, an electric circuit closed by a coin occupying seated position in said chute, means operating, across the seating positions of said coinsat predetermined intervals for successivelydislodging the same in a sequence determined by their-positions in the chute and means actuated by a dislodged coimior returning the dislodging means to normal position.

6. The combination of a coin chute having coin seats of varying sizes therein and adapted to accommodate a plurality of coins at a time, an electric circuit closed by a coin .occupying seated position in said chute,

means operating across the seating positions of said coins at predetermined intervals for successively dislodging the same in a sequence determined by their positions in the chute, a magnetic circuit closed by a dislodged coin, and means actuated by the closed magnetic circuit for permitting the dislodgingmeans to resume normal position.

7. The combination of a coin chute having coin seats of varying sizes therein and adapted to accommodate a plurality of coins at a time, an electric circuit closed by a coin occupying seated position in said chute, means operating across the seating positions of said coins at predetermined intervals for successively dislod 'ng the same in a sequencedetermined y their positions in the chute, means for arresting a dislodged coin, and means actuatedby the arrested coin for returning the dislodging means to normal position.

8. The combination of a coin chute having coin seats of varying sizes therein and adapted-to accommodate a plurality of coins at a. time,.an electric circuit closed by a coin occupying seated position in said chute, means operating across the seating positions of said coinsat predetermined intervals for successively dislodging the same in a sequence determined by their positions in the ehute,,means for arresting a dislodged coin, means actuated by the arrested coin for returning the'dislodging means to normal position, and means actuated by the return of saiddislodging means for releasing the arrested coin.

- 9.; Thecombi nation of a coin chute having coin seats therein,-an electric circuit closed b a-co1n occupying seated position in said c ute,-'meansio crating across the seating posltionsmf sai coins at predetermined intervals for dislo'dgin the same, means for arresting a; dislodge coin, amagnctic cirouitclosed by the arrested corn, means actuated by the closed magnetic circuit for refix leasing the dislodgin means, and means for returning said ,dislodging means to normal position. Q

10. The combination of a coin chute hav- 5 ing coin seats therein, an electric circuit closed by a coin occupying seated position in said chute, means. operating across the seatedpositions of 51nd .coins at p'redeter-' ing a plurality of coin seats therein,a motor circuit closed-by a coin resting in one of said seats, a shaft ournaled ,to rotate ad acent to said chute, means for rotating said shaft a predetermined distance at predetermined intervals, aplurality of movable elements adapted to be projected into the chute for dislodgin coins, a plurality of dogs carried by said smft and arranged-to actuate said e ements at predetermined points in the retation of the shaft,and means for returning said shaft to normal positionas the coins are successively dislodged.

12. The combination .of a coin chute having, a plurali of coinseats therein, a motor circuit closed j 3 seats, a shaft journaled to rotate adjacent to said chute, means for rotating said shaft a predetermined distance at predetermined intervals, a plurality of movable elements adapted to be projected into the chute for n) dislodgin coins, a plurality of dogs carried b said s aft and arranged to actuate said 0 ements at predetermined points in the rotation of the shaft, and means actuated by each dislodged coin for returning said sha t to normal position.

13. The combination of a coin chute having a plurality of coin seats therein, a motor circuit closed by a coin resting in one of said seats, a shaft journaled to rotate ad- .uo jaccnt to said chute, means for rotating said shaft a predetermined distance at predetcrmined intervals, a plurality of movable elements adapted to be projected into the chute for dislodgin coins, a plurality of we dogs carried by sai shaft and arranged to actuate said elements at redetermined points in the rotation of the shaft an electrlc circuit closed by each coin after its dislodgment, means actuated b the last mentioned we circuit for releasinglsaid shaft, and means for returning said s aft to normal position.

14. The combination of a coin chute having a plurality of coin seats therein, a motor circuit closed by a coin resting in one of said seats, a shaft journalcd to rotate ady a coin resting in one of said,

jacent to said chute, means for rotating said shaft a predetermmed distance at predetermined'intervals, a plurality of movable elements ada 'ted to be projected into the chute for dis odging coins, a plurality of dogs carried by said shaft and arranged to actuate said elements at predetermined pointsin the rotation of the shaft, means arresting each coin after its dislodgment, an electric circuit closed by the arrested coin, means actuated by the closed circuit to release the advanced shaft, and means for returning said shaft to normal position.

15. The combination of a coin chute having a pluralit of coin seats therein, a motor circuit closed y a coin resting in one of said seats, a shaft journalcd to rotate adjacent to said chute, means for rotatin said shaft a. predetermined distance at predetermined intervals, a lurality of movable elements adapted to e projected into the chute for dislodging coins, a plurality of dogs carried by said shaft and arranged to actuate said elements at predetermined points in the rotation of the shaft, means arresting each coin after its dislodgment,"anelectric 'circuit closed by the arrested coin means actuated b the closed circuit 'to release the advance shaft, means for returning said shaft to'normal position, and means actuated by the return of said shaft to" normal position for releasing the arrested coin.

l6. The combination of a runway, a coin chute superposedqover said run wa and hav: ing coin stops 1 therein, a mo or circuitclosed by a coin seated against one of'said stops, members adapted to be projected across said chute at points adjacent to each stop to push a 'coin from its seat into said runway means for actuatin said members, means for arresting a coin 1n said runway a magnetic circuit closed by' an arrested coin, means actuated by the closed magnetic circuit for releasingthe member-actuating means, and means for returning said actuat- 110 ing means to normal position..

17. The combination of a runway, a'coin chute superposed over said runway and having coin stops therein, a motor circuit closed by a. coin seated against one of said 1 5 stops, members adapted to be projected across said chute at points adjacent to each stop to push a coin from its seat into said runway, means for actuating said members, means for arrestin a coin in said runway, a 12 magnetic circuit clbsed by an arrested coin, means actuated by the closed magnetic circuit for releasing the member-actuating means, means for returning said actuating means to normal position and means actuated by the return of said actuating means for releasing the arrested coin.

18. The combination of a runway, a coin chute superposed over said runway and having coin stops therein, a motor circuit l turning said actuating means closed by actuating said members,

40 the first vadvance movement, 0

closed by a coin seated against one of said- 5' runway, intermittently advanced means for actuating said members, means for arrest ing a coin in said runway, means actuated by an arrested coin for releasing the advanced actuating means, and means for reto normal position.

19. The combination of a runway, a coin chute superposed over said runway and having coin stops therein, a motor circuit a coin seated against one of said stops, members adapted to be projected across said chute at points adjacent to each stop to push a coin from its seat into said runway, intermittently advanced means for means for arresting a coin in said runway, means actuated by an arrested coin for releasing the advanced actuating means, means for returningsaid actuating means to normal osition,

and means actuated by the return 0 said aetuating means to normal position for releasin the arrested coin.

20. The combination of a runway, a coin chute superposedover said runway and having coin stops therein, a motor circuit closed by a coin seated against one of said stops, members adapted to, be projected across'saidchute at points adjacent to each ,stop to pusha coin from its ,seat into said 85 runway, a movable coin-arresting pm adapt ed .to operate across said runway, means whereby said pin is held retracted when the member-actuatin means occupies normal position, means $01 advancin said pin on said actuatmeans' actuated by a coin arfor releasing the advanced actuating means, and means for returning said actuating vmeans to normal position.

ing means, rested by said pin Copies of this patent may be 21.; The combination of a runway, a coin chute superposed over said runway and having coin stops therein, a motor circuit closed by a coin seated against one of said stops, members adapted to be projected across said chute at points adjacent to each stop to push a coin from its seat into said runway, a movable coin-arresting pin adapted to operate across said runway, means whereby said pin is held retracted when the member-actuating means occupies normal position, means for advancing said pin on the first advance movement of said actuat in" means, a magnetic circuit closed by a com arrested by said pin, means actuated by said closed magnetic circuit for releasing the advanced actuating means, and means for returning said retracting means to normal position.

22. A coin controlled mechanism comprising a coin passage ada ted to accommodate a plurality of coins oi varying sizes at a time, a plurality of coin seats disposed in the path of travel of coins through said passage and progressively restricting said passage from the rear end forward whereby each of a plurality of coins introduced in increasing sequence as to size are permitted to assume a seated osition, and means for successively dislo ging sequentially seated coins in the order of their increasing values, said means also acting to first unseat the most advanced seated coin when a plurality of coins are non-se uentially introduced, and thus permit the a Vance to seating position of a small coin lod ed therebehind.

In testimony whereo I alfix my signature in presence of two subscribing witnesses.

EDWIN J. ORNOLD.

: Witnesses:

H. E. DUNLAP, L. D. MORRIS.

W obtained 10! five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents,

Washington, D. 0." 

